Knowledge Check • The Blood Project

True or false: isolated elevation of the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) indicates there must be a congenital deficiency of one of the factors in the intrinsic pathway.

a

True

b

False

It could also indicate acquired deficiency of, or inhibitor against, such a factor.

Which of the following may lead to isolated elevation of the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT):

a

Hemophilia A

Caused by congenital deficiency of factor VIII, which is tart of the intrinsic pathway of coagulation.

b

Factor VII deficiency

Factor VII is part of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation. Deficiency of this factor leads to isolated elevation of the prothrombin time (PT).

c

Lupus anticoagulant (LA)

LA specifically target the phospholipid-protein component of the cell membrane. LA interferes with and prolongs clotting process in vitro, and has a preferential effect on the aPTT.

d

Factor X deficiency

Factor X is part of the common pathway and its deficiency is predicted to cause elevation in both the prothrombin time and the aPTT.

Sort the causes of elevated activated partial thromboplastin time (top) according to whether or not they are associated with an increased risk of bleeding (bottom):

Factor XII deficiency

Factor VIII deficiency

Factor XI deficiency

Lupus anticoagulant

Factor IX deficiency

No bleeding risk

Bleeding risk

What are the three components of the contact pathway?

Click for Answer

FXII
High molecular weight kininogen
Prekallikrein

The contact pathway includes factor XII, prekallikrein and high molecular weight kininogen. True or false: deficiency in any one of these components may result in isolated elevation of the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT).

a

True

b

False

Contact pathway. Factor XII (FXII) is activated by negatively charged surfaces. FXIIa activates factor XI (FXI) (not shown) and plasma prekallikrein (PK) to FXIa and kallikrein, respectively. In a positive feedback loop, kallikrein hydrolyzes FXII, amplifying FXIIa formation. Kallikrein also releases the proinflammatory mediator bradykinin from high molecular weight kininogen (HK). Both PPK and FXI circulate in plasma bound to HK.

A study in 2019 reported on the systematic evaluation of all causes of aPTT prolongation in a consecutive population of 187 outpatients referred for specialized hemostasis consultation during a 14‐year period. 65.8% had an isolated elevation of the aPTT, though the causes were not stratified according to whether or not the elevation was isolated. The results are shown in the following two figures followed by the authors’ take home messages:

Dot plot of the activated partial thromboplastin time ratio (R‐APTT) values for each diagnostic category are shown. Patients with APLs had a significantly higher R‐APTT than other categories (Kruskal‐Wallis test). APLs, antiphospholipid antibodies; F, factor; VWD, von Willebrand disease.

Take home messages:

Presence of APL (which in this study included all patients with a positive LA in at least 2 independent samples) was the main cause of prolonged aPTT.
Contact pathway factor deficiencies emerged as the third most frequent cause.
Definitive explanation for the prolonged aPTT could not be obtained in 22.1% of patients despite a comprehensive investigation.
Previously undiagnosed liver disease was also an important cause of aPTT prolongation (in nearly 10% of patients).
Normalization of the aPTT still occurred in almost 5% of cases, highlighting the importance of repeating the assay in the course of the investigation.