What are causes of platelet refractoriness?

• Immune-mediated:
  • Alloimmunization to human leukocyte, platelet-specific, or ABO antigens
  • Autoimmune (immune thrombocytopenia)
• Non-immune-mediated:
  • Hemorrhage
  • Fever
  • Sepsis
  • Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
  • Splenic sequestration
  • Use of older stored platelets
  • Thrombotic microangiopathy

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